( Reif )
( Tulsa County - Gail W. Harris )
In action to recover back unemployment compensation taxes by the Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, the district court found that the freelance court reporters who received booking through Christesson Reporting Service were not independent contractors but were employees. However, the court held that Christesson was not liable due to the safe haven exemption that prohibited back assessments if the employer's reliance in treating employees as independent contractors was based on legal precedent or industry custom. Both parties appeal.
AFFIRMED ON DIFFERENT GROUNDS
The Oklahoma Employment Security Commission seeks review of the district court order that relieved Christesson Reporting Service from an assessment of back unemployment compensation taxes for the last three quarters of 1986, all of 1987 and 1988, and the first quarter of 1989. The Commission assessed the back taxes after an audit and determination that "free lance" court reporters who received court reporting assignments through Christesson's booking service were employees rather than independent contractors. The district court upheld the Commission's determination that the court reporters were employees, but concluded that the assessment of back taxes for the periods in question was barred by a "safe haven" exemption.l The Commission asserts that the safe haven exemption/defense is grounded in federal tax statutes and federal revenue rulings that are not binding on the Commission in assessing state unemployment compensation taxes. Christesson counter-appeals to challenge the determination that the "free lance" court reporters were employees. Upon review, we hold that the Commission was correct in rejecting Christesson's federal safe haven exemption/defense, but erred in determining that the free lance reporters were employees rather than independent contractors.
The issue of whether an employment relationship exists is jurisdictional and a question of law. Perma-Stone Oklahoma City Co. v. Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, 278 P.2d 543, 545 (Okla. 1954). In reviewing an order of the Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, neither the district court nor an appellate court will accept as conclusive the Commission's findings of fact concerning a jurisdictional question, but will weigh the evidence and make its own independent findings of fact. Id. (syllabus 1). In making this determination, courts generally will not enlarge upon the statutory provisions or make them applicable in any case not clearly within the contemplation of the legislature. Id. (syllabus 2). More particularly, courts will not extend employment status to an independent contractor "who engages to perform a certain service for another, according to his own manner and method, free from control and direction of his employer in all matters connected with the performance of service, except as to the result or product of the work." Id. (syllabus 3).
The record reflects that Christesson books court reporting jobs, either for general assignment among its associated reporters, or for a particular reporter, if they have been requested. However, court reporters are free to refuse any assignment and have complete control over their hours of work, time off, and scheduling. In performing an assignment, they provide their own transportation, equipment, and supplies. They choose the type of shorthand they will use. Any special directions concerning an assignment are given by the attorney or party for whom the reporting and transcription is done. The reporters bill the attorney or party, but use invoices provided by Christesson. Payments are collected by Christesson who retains either 15% or 25%, as previously agreed, for its booking, administrative, and promotional services. Reporters are paid only their percentage of each collected billing and receive no other payments, benefits, or expenses from Christesson. Christesson makes requisite "1099 filings" for tax purposes and the reporters pay their own self-employment taxes. Reporters secure their training, certification, licensing, continuing education, and association memberships independent of their affiliation with Christesson and at their own expense. They are also free to advertise and accept jobs independently from Christesson, but split fees from such jobs with Christesson in return for Christesson's collection and administrative services.
Our independent weighing of this evidence leads us to conclude that the court reporters associated with Christesson work free from the control or supervision of Christesson, and are sufficiently engaged in an independently established profession, so as to constitute independent contractors under